Design and characterization of Trp-cage miniproteins

Miniproteins are adequate models to study various protein’s 3D-structure modifying parameters, such as temperature, pH, point mutations, H-bonds, salt bridges, molecular packing, etc.. Tc5b, a 20-residue long Trp-cage polypeptide is one of the smallest 3D-folded miniprotein. We reported a systematic investigation of structural factors influencing the stability of Tc5b by solving its solution structure in different environments. Selected variants of Tc5b were designed, prepared and investigated by NMR. Tc6b, (Tc5b_D9E) is a QM designed variant exhibiting an enhanced heat stability: it adopts a stable protein fold at physiological temperature.

Mapping the key residue-residue contacts responsible for Trp-cage fold stability, designing variants and investigating them by NMR and CD spectroscopy showed that the 9-16 salt bridge is integrated into the cooperativity network of the molecule, rather than being an isolated stabilizing factor. Furthermore, we detected and characterized different intermediate states of folding by T-dependent NMR, both at neutral and acidic pHs. We developed an NMR chemical shift deconvolution technique to characterize the invisible, fast exchanging states of the dynamic conformational ensemble of 3D-structures. Using nonlinear fitting methods we obtained both the thermodynamic parameters and the NMR chemical shifts of the pure conformers of such multistate involving folding and unfolding thermodynamic equilibrium. Heteronuclear relaxation studies combined with MD simulations revealed the source of backbone mobility and the nature of structural rearrangements during these T- or pH-induced transitions.

The folding energy landscape of the 20‐residue long Trp‐cage

We designed Exendin-4 (a drug licensed for treating type 2 Diabetes Mellitus) analogues of improved structural characteristics and better water solubility. This rational design started from the 20-amino acid, well-folded Trp-cage miniprotein and involved the step-by-step N-terminal elongation of the Trp-cage head, resulting in finally the 39-amino acid Ex4 analogue, namely E19. 15N relaxation- and diffusion-ordered NMR measurements were completed to investigate their inherent mobility and self-association propensity. Our designed E19 molecule has the same tertiary structure as that of Ex4, but is less prone to oligomerization (aggregation) but preserved its bioactivity. These conditions make E19 a perfect lead compound for further drug discovery.

The α-helix-stabilized and step-by-step N-terminal elongated Exendin-4 analogues

We also characterized the amyloid formation of several modified sequence and side-chain phosphorylated Trp-cage variants applying NMR, CD and FTIR spectroscopies and MD simulations. We demonstrated that the native fold is destabilized upon serine phosphorylation, and the resultant highly dynamic structures form amyloid-like ordered aggregates with high intermolecular β-structure content. We proposed a complex aggregation model for these Trp-cage miniproteins.

Hydration properties of folded (TC5b), semi-folded (TCb5(H+)) and unfolded/disordered (TC5b_N1R) miniproteins were monitored in frozen solutions by wide-line 1H-NMR. Our low temperature denaturation study indicates that freezing of protein solutions proceeds by the gradual selection of the enthalpically most favored states that also minimize the number of bridging waters.

We derived a novel approach to monitor disulfide bond, SS-bond, stabilized Trp-cage protein’s reduction by using combined NMR and ECD spectroscopy. We determined the 3D‐fold characteristics and the associated reduction rate constants of SS-bond reinforced Exenatide mimetics at different experimental conditions. We found that structural, steric and electrostatic factors influence the reduction rate, resulting in magnitude differences in reduction half‐times even for structurally similar, well‐folded model‐protein derivatives.

Structural, steric, and electrostatic factors influence the disulfide bond reduction rate.

The amyloid formation mechanism of the folded segment an Exenatide variant was studied by ECD and NMR spectroscopy. Decomposition of the T-, pH-, salt-dependent ECD spectra allowed us to monitor the full range of molecular transformation of amyloidogenesis. Results indicate that the amyloid transition is triggered by the subtle misfolding of the α-helix exposing both aromatic and hydrophobic side-chains to water. These initial misfolded conformational clusters provide the spatial closeness for a transition to the β-structured amyloid nucleus and thus, the amyloid formation process follows a nucleated growth mechanism.

Folded-unfolded-amyloid potential energy surface of Exenatide

Cooperation with

• Prof. Dr. Gábor Tóth, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Szeged, Hungary

• Dr. László Nyitray, Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest